School Dropout in Developing Countries: The Case of Indigenous Communities in Guatemala
subject: Qualitative Semi-structured interviews Thematic Analyses
description: Education is a basic right which any person should have the opportunity to access. However, around 120 million children worldwide are as yet uneducated. A qualitative study was conducted in an indigenous community in rural Guatemala in order to identify the key factors that discourage students to continue from primary to secondary school education. The participants of the study were divided into two groups depending on whether they were students, parents of students or teachers at the rural school. Results suggested that factors of different natures (structural, political and cultural) overlap each other. The factors related to school dropout were related to demography, health, lack of economic resources and Government support, lack of social support and lack of intrinsic motivation to graduate from formal education. In contrast, protection factors to remain at school were related to future aspirations and social mobility, parental support and economic support.
creator: Patricia Gómez-Luengo
source: Data Collection Data was collected using qualitative, semi-structured interviews to facilitate the discovery of new conceptual and theoretical knowledge (Power & Alison, 2017) about the factors that take place in the process regarding the decision of remaining or disengaging from education. This method has been used regularly by researchers who seek to generate an understanding of real-world psychology (Crandall, Klein, & Hoffman, 2006; Klein & Militello, 2004). The interview sought to achieve a better understanding of the reality that the people interviewed are living through analysing their personal experience. The researcher who conducted these interviews spent 2 weeks prior to data collection immersing herself in the work environment of the school in the rural area of Guatemala, reading previous literature on the topic, attending school and classes with the children and interacting with teachers, students and families in order to establish a working relationship with each group. Procedure Each interview lasted approximately half an hour, depending on the participants will, in order to prevent participant exhaustion (M = 35). The interview stopped if the participant was perceived to be uncomfortable. Participants were sat in a quiet location and interviewed on a mobile phone. Interviews were semi-structured and included topics such as the characteristic of the educational system, the practices and processes that appear as determinants of the decision for permanently remaining or disengaging from the formal educational process, and personal situations or of the people that the participants knew. Interviews were transferred to a computer and anonymously transcribed, with all identifiable details (e.g., names, locations) removed, for its analysis. Thematic analysis was conducted in order to understand the subjective experience of the participants as the paramount object of the study throughout the organization and reach description of the data set. Data Analyses Ana…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2017
contributor: John Towse
rights: Open
relation: None
format: text/NVivo
language: English
type: Text (speech)
coverage: LA1 4YF

Seeing helps our hearing: How the visual system plays a role in speech perception
subject: Linear mixed-effects modelling
description: Difficult listening conditions can result in a decrease in our ability to successfully discriminate speech. In these conditions, the visual system assists with speech perception through lipreading. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is used to investigate the interaction between the two senses in speech perception. Due to widely stimulus dependent effects, the exact timings for how far one stream can be asynchronized against the other drastically differs from account to account. Previous research has not considered viseme categories to ensure that selected speech phonemes are visually distinct. This study aims to create and validate a set of audiovisual stimuli that considers these variables for examining speech-in-noise, and to determine the SOA integration period for these stimuli. 27 online participants would be presented with either audio-only stimuli of a speaker speaking or audiovisual stimuli that also contained visuals of the speaker’s lip and mouth area as the speech were spoken. The speech was either clear or in-noise, and either displayed no stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) or had SOA introduced at one of five different levels (200ms, 216.6ms, 233.3ms, 250ms, 266.6ms). Results indicate that, whilst the effect of visual information assisting with speech-in-noise is apparent, it is weaker of an effect than previous literature. Whilst response times imply that 250ms marks the integration window period for our stimuli, no significant accuracy changes corroborate this finding. In all, the study was successful in creating a more valid set of stimuli for testing. As power sufficiency was not met, more testing would be required to firmly cement the findings.
creator: Brandon O’Hanlon
source: connection, allowing for a direct, uninterrupted video feed at 1920x1080 resolution and 60 frames per second. The camera was mounted onto a stable tripod to reduce movement of the camera as much as possible during recording. DroidCam X software was used to aid the streaming of the video in real-time with little compression and loss whilst still retaining a 1080p@60fps quality level. OBS software was used for recording as it allowed the audio from the external microphone and the video from the camera to be encoded together in real-time as a single MKV file. This was beneficial, as it removed potential human error that can occur when manually stitching audio files and video files together. Therefore, we can be certain that there were no asynchronous anomalies between the audio and video streams during encoding. Another benefit of OBS software is that it reports how many frames of video are dropped when recording and encoding an MKV file, which was important to ensure that the home desktop was encoding the video in its entirely akin to a lab-calibrated desktop. No frames were reported to be dropped for all speech tokens recorded. All stimuli were recorded as MKV files initially to avoid lossy compression in the recording. A software-based x264 bit CPU encoding method was used for the recording, due to a lack of internal GPU encoding method (such as Nvenc encoding) on the home system. After the initial recording, the speech tokens were edited in length and converted to mp4 files at a resolution of 1280 x 720p and a frame rate of 60 frames per second. As the study would be completed on participant’s laptops or desktop systems and using their internet connection, we cannot ensure that all participants are using a device with a 1920 x 1080p resolution screen. By reducing the resolution of files to 720p, all potential participant resolution sizes can be accommodated whilst ensuring all participants view the files at the same resolution. For audio-only conditions, the video …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2021
contributor: Stephanos Mosfiliotis
rights: Open (unless stated otherwise)
relation: None (unless stated otherwise)
format: Excel File
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Sexualised Advertising through Instagram: An exploration into the effects this has on female appearance satisfaction
subject: None
description: This study explored the beliefs and opinions held by females aged 20-23 years on Instagram. It aimed to uncover possible effects that exposure to sexualised content and beauty standards could have on young female’s appearance satisfaction. Previous literature has addressed extensively how social comparisons and internalisation of beauty ideals can negatively affect females, increasing body dissatisfaction. This research aimed to expand these findings, exploring how body and facial attractiveness seen online can affect appearance satisfaction as a whole. Previous studies have determined that internalisation and social comparison are prevalent in women that compare themselves to others on Instagram. These theories along with objectification and cultivation theory are utilized to comprehend female’s perceptions of beauty and how it could be implicating them to act in a sexualised way online. The study consisted of two focus groups, each lasting approximately one hour. A convenience sample was used recruiting university students. A semi-structured interview schedule was utilised to allow for rich data to be produced. The data was categorised by using thematic analysis strategies of coding, mapping and deducing themes. The research conclusion found that women did report decreased appearance satisfaction when viewing ‘beautiful’ girls on Instagram, social comparisons was identified as more salient with peers, yet they did also report comparing themselves with reality television stars. Findings also reported that internalisation of beauty ideals was strong, they remark television and the social media for ‘normalising’ beauty standards. Lastly, participants were found to self-objectify themselves in a sexual manner more for Instagram than other social media sites.
creator: Chrystal Champion
source: This study explores the possible effects social networking site Instagram has on young females, in relation to their appearance satisfaction. Overall, it aims to add to existing literature within this field and other domains such as sociology and women’s studies, whilst also extending previous literature, as this research looks beyond body satisfaction and addresses appearance satisfaction completely. It also provides scope into understanding Instagram and the magnitude of its effects on the user, as the majority of previous literature focuses on Facebook. 3.1 Research Design Two focus groups were conducted, each lasting approximately one hour. The focus group was held in a small lecture theatre at Lancaster University in the Management School (Lecture Theatre 12). A phenomenological approach was applied as the research aims to explore a group of participant’s experiences and aims to further make sense of these experiences (Creswell, 2013). Application of focus groups was applied as it allowed for a semi-structured narrative of findings. The participants were able to express their thoughts, feelings and opinions in relation to this topic of research. A semi-structured interview type was applied as it allows for more flexibility, allows for more rapport building and these aspects can lead to richer data which enters more novel spheres (Smith & Osborn, 2003). 3.2 Sampling The overall sample consisted of 13 female students studying at Lancaster University between the ages of 20-23 years. This age was used as research has suggested that young females within these age brackets tend to be heavy Instagram users. These participants were recruited through convenience sampling, no specific recruitment criteria concerning use of social media was applied, in order to allow this variable to fall out naturally in the sample. 3.3 Research Procedures 3.3.1 Materials The participants were given an information sheet and a consent sheet at the beginning of the focus groups. These deta…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2018
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Text/.docx
language: English
type: Text
coverage: LA1 4YF

Sketch Mental Reinstatement of Context: A Comparison of Autistic and Typically Able Children’s Drawings
description: The increasing number of children coming into contact with the criminal justice system is prompting further research into interviewing children. There is a lack of research in the area of children with developmental disorders such as autism (Mcrory, Henry & Happe, 2007). As sketching is one of the domains in which children develop favourably in comparison to their age matched peers it could be utilised in order to gain the most information. Sketch MRC has been used on typically developing individuals and has been very beneficial for a variety of reasons such as; gives structure to narrative, lessens cognitive demand of interviewer and also lessens social demand of interview. This study aims to see whether content and style of the drawings of typically developing and autistic group are similar. Also correlating data in the sketch to data from the interview recall would give insight into how the act of drawing may be beneficial. A group of 30 children who were either typically developing or autistic were split into 3 groups depending on the results of BPVS 3 and RPM. All children watched a film stimulus and were then asked to recall as much information as possible in a sketch MRC condition. The drawings were then analysed. Autistic children’s sketches when compared with mental ability matched children showed similarities in; number of salient items, number of items drawn, representational detail, detail in human figure drawings, number of correct, incorrect and confabulation as well as accuracy. A regression model indicated correct number of items recalled in verbal transcript significantly predicted the correct number of items in the sketch. By presenting a significant relationship between number of correct items sketched and recalled it can be said the act of drawing is useful in the sketch MRC condition. This indicates that the sketch MRC condition is just as useful for the autistic individuals as it is for the TD individuals.
creator: Mehar-Un-Nissa Masood
source: A between subject’s experimental design was employed with two independent variables: Group, with two levels: (i) autistic, (ii) typically developed, and Mental ability: low, intermediate, and high. The dependent variable was the drawings which were produced during the interview and were coded using a top down coding scheme measuring the number of correct, incorrect, confabulated items of recall and accuracy. Content including representational detail of human figure drawing and what the individual focuses whether it is on people or the environment. Qualitative analysis attempts to uncover a range of issues such as; is structure used in the sketch, whether the sketches depict movement or a still image, the detail with which the items are drawn, and if the sketch demand interaction. Materials Film stimulus – Each child individually viewed a non-violent crime film exactly one minute in duration. The stimulus film was one which had been previously used in police training sessions. Keeping in mind ethical guidelines the clip shown had no abuse or violence. The film depicted a busy road with a roundabout, two people walk from around the corner and into a shop. Moments later the two individuals run out of the shop with another individual chasing after them. The clip then ends. The British Picture Vocabulary Scale: Third Edition (BPVS3) is used in order to act as a distracter task but also determine the child’s mental ability. The BPVS3 plays an important role in assessing a child’s receptive vocabulary, from 3 years up to 16 years of age. Ravens Progressive Matrices (RPM) is also required not only to act as a distracter task but also determine the child’s mental ability. The RPM is a nonverbal group test ranging from 5 year olds to the elderly. It consists of 60 multiple choice questions listed in order of difficulty. iPad was used to show children the film stimulus with approximately a 8-inch screen. The child was able to hold the iPad themselves to watch the film stimulus…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2013
contributor: Nicola Cook
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Student Experiences of Mental Health Issues in Further and Higher Education.
subject: Mental health, stress, achievement anxiety, depression, students, education, provisions, resilience.
description: Previous research has shown that students are at risk of experiencing mental health difficulties, specifically relating to anxiety, depression, and stress (Andrews, Hejdenberg, & Wilding, 2006; Holland, 2016; Landow, 2006; Lattie, Lipson, & Eisenberg, 2019; Nascante, 2001; Shankar & Park, 2016). This study aimed to understand whether level of education, provisions to aid mental wellbeing within educational establishments, and students’ resilience were related to their mental wellbeing. A total of 94 participants were recruited for this study, however only 47 sets of data were complete enough to be used for the analyses. An online questionnaire using a series of demographic questions and subscales was used to collect data. No significant relationships were found between students’ mental wellbeing and their level of education or the provisions accessible to them in their place of education. However, a significant, negative correlation was found between students’ overall mental health and their resilience scores. Additional analyses were completed to better understand this and the same relationship was found between resilience and anxiety, depression, and stress. It was concluded that due to issues with power, more research with a larger sample is required to investigate these relationships further. It was also concluded that more understanding of resilience and mental health in students is required to be able to create better provisions.
creator: Rachel Jordan
source: Participants 94 participants (25 males, 43 females) were used for this study, they were a minimum of 18 to over 51 years old and were from educational establishments around the UK. Participants were recruited using the SONA participant recruitment system through Lancaster University and also by advertising on Facebook and Instagram. All participants were treated in accordance with BPS ethical guidelines and Lancaster University Department of Psychology provided ethical approval for the study (Appendix A). Only data from 47 participants was used due to incomplete datasets. Design This cross-sectional study used volunteers from the student population as participants as one sample group. This was a questionnaire-based study with four sub-scales using correlational analyses. The factors being analysed are detailed in the procedural section to follow. Procedure Adverts were placed on Facebook, and Instagram to help recruit participants to the study. Potential participants were provided with a link to the online survey, administered through Qualtrics. They were then provided with a participant information sheet (Appendix B) and gave informed consent (Appendix C) to participate on that basis. Informed consent was gained by participants selecting all six consent statements on the questionnaire. Following this, participants were presented with demographic questions and four measures (Appendix D). Following this, participants were presented with a debrief sheet (Appendix E) before being asked to close the tab. Materials Demographic Questions The questionnaire started with two demographic questions. These were: “How old are you in years?” with the options of “18-21/22-25/26-29/30-35/36-40/41-45/46-50/51+/Prefer not to answer” and “What was your assigned sex at birth?” with the options of “Male/Female/Prefer not to answer”. These items were included in this questionnaire to better understand the sample of participants included in the study. Level of Education Participants’ leve…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 17/09/2023
contributor: Megan Grace Liddell
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

temp

Testing the Heat Hypothesis: The Relationship between Temperature and Violent Crime Rates
subject: None
description: This paper explored the relationship between temperature and behaviour. In particular the effect heat has on violent crimes. The heat hypothesis states that increased ambient temperatures can cause increased aggressive motives and behaviours. The current study was longitudinal and archival. Data was collated from four different countries: U.S., Japan, Jamaica and Finland over a period of 40 years. Data was collected from reliable online sources for: Temperature in degrees Celsius (℃), rainfall in millimetres (mm), intentional homicide rates, assault rates, rape rates and burglary rates. Rainfall and burglary were control variables. Analyses revealed a significant and positive relationship between temperature and intentional homicide, assault and rape rates. Temperature and burglary were not significantly related. Such results provide support for the heat hypothesis. The relationship between heat and violent crime should be investigated further; as the effects of global warming increase, so may violent crime rates worldwide.
creator: Georgia Fifer
source: Data In accord with Anderson et al’s., (1997) methods, data of the following crimes were collected: intentional homicide, assault, rape and burglary within a specified 40 years. This crime data was sampled from the following countries databases: U.S., Japan, Jamaica and Finland. The inclusion criteria were to include the countries which had the most available data on crime. There were no data exclusions as the current study was retrospective, meaning all data had already been collected. The 40 years analysed within each country differed depending on data availability. Crime rates were collected in the U.S. between the years 1960 and 2000. Crime rates were collected in Japan between the years 1975 and 2015. Crime rates were collected in Jamaica between the years 1970 and 2010. Crime rates were collected in Finland between the years 1976 and 2016. Therefore there would have been 160 full observations of intentional homicide, assault, rape and robbery. However, due to limited data available there were gaps in the data. For the U.S., 40 full observations of intentional homicide, assault, rape and robbery were obtained. For Japan, 23 full observations were obtained and 17 partial. For Jamaica, 11 full observations were obtained and 29 partial. For Finland, 22 full observations were obtained and 18 partial. The crime data was police reported and per 100,000 of the population, as smaller figures were easier to manage. Crime data was collected from the following reliable online resources: Bourne et al., (2015), Burns (2013), (Knoema, 2011), (Nation Master, 2003), (Statista, n.d.), (Uniform Crime Reporting, 1930), (United Nations World Surveys, 2006), (UNODC Statistics, 1997). Websites were considered reliable if they were established official government data repositories. Temperature (℃) and rainfall (mm) data were also collected. This data was obtained from an online climate data portal (Climate Change Knowledge Portal, n.d.). Rainfall was included as a control variable to…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2015
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/Excel.xslx
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Testing The Validity of Videogame Modifications for Psychological Research
description: An experiment consisting of 40 participants sampled from both Lancaster University and the Sefton area investigated the validity of using video game modifications (Mods) to construct more reliable testing methods for video game research. Mods are additions to video game code that allow the manipulation of various otherwise unattainable features. It is typical of research in this area to use two different games when attempting to manipulate one variable, this often results in a failure to compare like for like leaving various extraneous variables unaccounted for. Building upon the work of Böche (2009), this present research uses a program Garry’s Mod to construct identical variations that were relatable to popular current games while attempting to manipulate a single variable, violence. Participants played both an antisocial and prosocial variation of the same game and were asked to fill out a survey documenting their opinions on the game and its traits. It was predicted that while features such as graphics, maps, difficulty and the player’s performance in the game would not differ, the self reported violence participants experienced between variations would significantly differ. Predicted trends were observed in ratings of violence t(39) = -22.06, p < .001 and whether the player character’s actions were perceived as prosocial t(39) = -14.64, p < .001. Contrary to predictions, participant’s reported enjoyment t(39) = -4.55, p< 0.001 and the similarity of the game mission to the current game market t(39) = -6.37, p < 0.001 also differed significantly between variations. The implications are discussed throughout the paper.
creator: Matthew McArthur
source: Participants were randomly allocated into two groups. The first group (“antisocial first”) played and answered questions concerning the antisocial version before then playing and answering questions concerning the prosocial version. The order was reversed for participants in the second group (“prosocial first”). Antisocial first. The group that played as soldiers first consisted of 14 males and 6 females. The ages of this sample ranged from 18 to 31 years with a mean of 22.25 and a standard deviation of 2.49. Prosocial first. A group of 14 males, 5 females and one individual who abstained from recording gender played the medic scenario first. The ages ranged from 19 to 26 years, with a mean of 22.3 standard deviation of 1.87. Task, Materials and Apparatus Several specialized items were required to set up and conduct this research. In order to attract participants, an email was sent to the Psychology students of Lancaster University as well as several flyers positioned around the department (See Appendix). These adverts offered a chance to win a £20 Amazon gift card for participation and provided individuals with the e-mail of researchers in order to set up meetings. Hardware. Data was collected using a Macbook Pro with a 13 inch screen. The laptop had a 2.5 GHz (Gigahertz) dual core processor, 4 GB (Gigabytes) of RAM (Random Access Memory), 500 GB Hard Drive memory space and an Intel HD Graphics 4000 graphics card. As well as the Macbook, an apple MagSafe power adapter, a wired optical mouse, a mouse mat and a USB powered laptop cooling pad were used (See Appendix). Software. The Macbook Pro operated the Mountain Lion operating system by Apple and several programs were required to run this experiment. Questionnaires concerning demographic information and perceptions of video games were created using an online research suite, Qualtrics. The questionnaire consisted of three sections (See Appendix). Firstly, participants were asked to input their demographic informatio…
publisher: Lancaster University
contributor: Lizzie Wardman
format: .csv file
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Complexity of Language Used by Parents of Children with Down Syndrome in Shared Reading Tasks
subject: Down Syndrome shared reading cognitive complexity prompts
description: Shared reading is a vital part of language development for children, and this is no less true for the development of language in children with Down Syndrome. Previous research has been concerned that parents use less complicated language when a child has Down Syndrome, and that parents should encourage their child to contribute more to the reading experience. This experiment attempted to evaluate the cognitive complexity of the language used by parents of children with Down Syndrome compared to the parents with typically developing children when reading aloud with their child, and whether including prompts inside a book could alter the complexity of the language used by parents. It was found that including prompts in a book appeared to make the experience more of a shared reading experience with turn-taking between parents and children increasing in the prompted condition. This means that prompted books should be considered as a tool to train parents to use dialogic reading techniques.
creator: Natalie Bosworth
source: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with Down Syndrome were recorded whilst reading aloud with their child in both a business as usual condition where they would read together as they usually would at home, and a prompted condition where pre-determined questions were inserted into the book which the mothers were required to ask their child when the book indicated that they should. The recordings were then written into transcripts of speech and behaviour during the task. Two books were used in this experiment ‘Mooncake’ and ‘Skyfire’. The prompted condition and the business as usual condition were counterbalanced so that half of the participants read the unprompted book first, and half read the prompted book first, and half of the participants received ‘Mooncake’ as the prompted book, and the other half received ‘Skyfire’ as the prompted book. This was done to eliminate the chance that more was said during read due to a preference for one book over the other. However, both of the books were written by the same author, so the chance of a participant having a preference should have been minimal, and the books were similarly matched on difficulty and length to ensure that language would not be affected due to any differences in these criteria. The prompted book included 12 questions to scaffold the mothers into asking questions related to the book. The parent would read the text in black ink, which was the actual story, and then ask the question in blue ink inserted into the bottom of the page. These questions related to picture labelling (e.g. ‘What is that object’), vocabulary questions (e.g. ‘What does terrible mean?’), making inferences about the text (e.g. ‘Why did that character fall asleep?’), and questions which required general knowledge (e.g. ‘What else could be used in this situation?’). The language skills required to answer these questions ranged from a simpler understanding which asked a child to label objects and about simple …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2017
contributor: John Towse
rights: Open
format: data/SPSS.sav
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Construction of Female Sexual Agency in Contemporary Advertising: Empowerment or Objectification?
subject: media, advertising, psychology, sociology, psycho-social, sexualisation, objectification, empowerment, sexual empowerment gender, me too, feminism, post feminism, neoliberalism
description: Building on the work of Gill (2008) on postfeminist female gender representation in advertising, more specifically the shift from representing women as sexual objects to representing women as active sexual subjects, this work presents an exploration of young adults’ constructions and depictions of contemporary sexualised representations of women; of whether the new construction of female sexual agency is seen as empowering as opposed to objectifying. Furthermore, this analysis is concerned with the susceptibility of young audiences to advertising’s attempts to integrate neoliberal/postfeminist ideas in their communication strategies. A tangent question to this research is an exploration of contemporary audiences’ awareness of recent movements against sexual harassment (MeToo); of potential implications these may have in the construction of the new femininity. The study consisted of both same-sex (male, female) focus groups and mixed-gender focus groups in order to ensure complementarity of insights. Findings suggest thatthere is no simple negotiation between empowerment and objectification. Female sexual agency cannot be denied, nor can women be understood as completely free agents, living independent of any external influence or constraint. Female empowerment in advertising must not limit female gender representation/empowerment to women’s sexuality and should distance itself from its constant rapport with the male as female empowerment, also femininity, must be understood and represented much more broadly.
creator: Irina Teodora Marculescu
source: advertising must not limit female gender representation/empowerment to women’s sexuality and should distance itself from its constant rapport with the male as female empowerment, also femininity, must be understood and represented much more broadly. Methods Section:This study investigates the construction of female sexual agency in advertising. More specifically, it contributes to existing feminist post-structuralist literature, critique and debates around representations of gender in media culture as it explores young adults’ perceptions of female gender representations in advertisements that depict women sexually. Research DesignA phenomenological approach was adopted in this research as participants were invited to express their views on specific advertising stimuli, to discover and ascribe meaning to cultural depictions of female sexuality. Focus groups were conducted with five (male), six (mixed) and seven (female) participants who engaged in a semi-structured discussion. Participants expressed their thoughts in relation to the topic of research as consisting of various pre-established themes. SamplingThe sample consisted of 18 participants of which nine were females and nine were males. All participants identify as undergraduate or postgraduate students at Lancaster University, aged 20-27 years old. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Despite being current residents of Lancaster, they originate from different countries (England, Bulgaria, Lithuania, U.S., China, France, Andorra, and Greece). Research ProceduresMaterialsParticipants were provided with an information sheet and consent form before the focus group. The information sheet provided participants with information about the study, the scope of research, their confidentiality and anonymity, and also the opportunityto further enquire about the study. Focus groups discussion were recorded via Iphone Voice Memo recorder. The recordings were removed from the researcher’s Iphone and stor…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2015
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: No data provided
language: English
type: No data provided
coverage: LA1 4YF