Cerebral Lateralisation for Emotion Processing of Chimeric Faces in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
subject: autism spectrum disorder, cerebral lateralisation, emotion processing, adults, children, chimeric faces task
description: Many studies have suggested that typical lateralisation for emotion processing tasks, such as facial emotion recognition, is lateralised to the right-hemisphere, with different emotions eliciting differing strengths of lateralisation (Bourne, 2010). However, there has been much debate as to the lateralisation of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Ashwin et al., 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2010). This study assessed the cerebral lateralisation of 30 adults with ASD, five children with ASD, 435 neurotypical adults and ten neurotypical children in a chimeric faces task, and aimed to identify whether the atypical lateralisation seen in children with ASD persists into adulthood (Taylor et al., 2012). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify whether lateralisation strength is affected by the emotion of the facial stimuli. No emotion- or age-related change in lateralisation was found, however, participants with ASD demonstrated a weaker right-hemispheric lateralisation compared to neurotypical participants. Therefore, this study supported the concept that individuals with ASD show atypical lateralisation which persists into adulthood, however, no evidence was found to support the concept that different emotions elicit different strengths of lateralisation.
creator: Alexandra Crossley
source: Method Participants Data from a total of 481 participants with native level English proficiency (or age expected language development in children), normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no history of neurological disease or hearing loss were analysed for the current study (Table 1). Participants in the group ‘adults with ASD’ (N = 30; age: M = 30.17, SD = 9.85) were recruited through adverts on social media, through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co), and through word of mouth. Participants in the groups ‘children with ASD’ (N = 5; age: M = 6.8, SD = 1.48) and ‘neurotypical children’ (N = 11; age: M = 7.0, SD = 1.90) were recruited through primary schools and word of mouth (Brooks, 2023), and parents of potential child participants were required to email a researcher to express their interest in participation. Participants in the group ‘neurotypical adults’ (N = 435; age: M = 29.44, SD = 8.03) were recruited through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co) as part of a larger online behavioural laterality battery (Parker et al., 2021). Of the 481 participants who took part in the study, 32 were excluded during the data cleaning process (see Table 1 and Data Analysis for further information). Measures As part of the study, a series of questionnaires were administered to collect information about the participants to ensure that individual differences could be accounted for. Participants were asked to complete the study and its associated questionnaires and tasks prior to beginning the main chimeric faces task, and were requested to use a desktop or laptop computer for the entirety of the study. For the ‘neurotypical children’ and ‘children with ASD’ groups, parents were asked to complete the questionnaires on behalf of the children and were asked to be present for the tasks, which were completed during a Microsoft Teams call with a researcher. The study was completed online using the Gorilla Experiment Builder (www.gorilla.sc), a cloud-based tool for collecting data in…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 5th September 2023
contributor: Mshary Al Jaber
rights: Open
relation: None
format: .csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Does implicit mentalising involve the representation of others’ mental state content?
subject: implicit mentalising, co-representation, joint action, domain specificity
description: Implicit mentalising involves the automatic awareness of the perspectives of those around oneself. Its development is crucial to successful social functioning and joint action. However, the domain specificity of implicit mentalising is debated. The individual/joint Simon task is often used to demonstrate implicit mentalising in the form of a Joint Simon Effect (JSE), in which a spatial compatibility effect is elicited more strongly in a joint versus an individual condition. Some have proposed that the JSE stems from the automatic action co-representation of a social partner’s frame-of-reference, which creates a spatial overlap between stimulus-response location in the joint (but not individual) condition. However, others have argued that any sufficiently salient entity (not necessarily a social partner) can induce the JSE. To provide a fresh perspective, the present study attempted to investigate the content of co-representation (n = 65). We employed a novel variant of the individual/joint Simon task where typical geometric stimuli were replaced with a unique set of animal silhouettes. Half of the set were each surreptitiously assigned to either the participant themselves or their partner. Critically, to examine the content of co-representation, participants were presented with a surprise image recognition task afterwards. Image memory accuracy was analysed to identify any partner-driven effects exclusive to the joint condition. However, the current experiment failed to replicate the key JSE in the Simon task, as only a cross-condition spatial compatibility effect was found. This severely limited our ability to interpret the results of the recognition memory task and its implications on the contents of co-representation. Potential design-related reasons for these inconclusive results were discussed. Possible methodological remedies for future studies were suggested.
creator: Malcolm Wong
source: Pre-test: Selection of Suitable Stimuli Participants Twenty-five undergraduate students at Lancaster University were recruited via SONA systems (a University-managed research participation system) and gave informed consent to participate in an online pre-test that aided in the selection of suitable experimental stimuli for the main experiment. Ethical considerations were reviewed and approved by a member of the University Psychology department. Stimuli and Materials Pavlovia, the online counterpart to the experiment building software package PsychoPy (version 2022.2.0; Peirce et al., 2019), was used to remotely run the stimuli selection pre-test. One hundred images of common black-and-white animal silhouettes were initially selected and downloaded from PhyloPic (Palomo-Munoz, n.d.), an online database of taxonomic organism images, freely reusable under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license . All images were resized and standardised to fit within an 854 x 480-pixel rectangle. Design and Procedure An online pre-test was conducted to identify the recognisability of possible animal stimuli and to select the most recognisable set of 32 animal silhouettes to use in the main experiment. Recognisability was an important consideration because participants would only briefly glimpse at the animals; therefore, the ability to recognise the silhouettes quickly and subconsciously was paramount. The 100 chosen animal silhouettes (as outlined in the Stimuli and Materials section) were randomised and sequentially presented. Each image was displayed for 1000ms to match the duration of stimuli exposure in the final experimental design. The participant then rated each animal’s recognisability on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Extremely Unrecognisable to 7 = Extremely Recognisable). Additionally, they were asked to guess each animal’s name by typing it in a text box, and to provide a confidence rating corresponding to each naming attempt (again, on a 7-point Likert scale, fro…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 07/09/2022
contributor: Elisha Moreton Aubrey Covill
rights: Open
relation: N/A
format: Data/Excel.csv Analysis/r_file.R
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Exploring the impact of rewards on contextual cueing effect
subject: contextual cueing effect, reward, selective attention
description: There is a huge amount of complex information about visual stimuli in the environment and the individual's visual processing system has a limited capacity to process this information, so selective attentional mechanisms prioritise the most valuable information. Fixed contextual cues in the environment help us to allocate attentional resources efficiently. In their study of context, Chun and Jiang proposed a contextual cueing effect (CC effect). This effect is likely to be an implicit learning resulting from selective attention. Specifically, subjects searched for the target faster in the repeated configuration than in the random configuration, as fixed contextual cues would help locate the target. It was found that this effect could be moderated by manipulating external motivation, i.e., reward. However, there is so far considerable debate as to whether high rewards can contribute to the cc effect, and whether rewards act on the cc effect or on the positional probability learning effect. The present experiment used a classical situational cueing task and a mixed between-*within group experimental design to explore the effect of reward on the contextual cueing effect. The experimental results show that high rewards did not contribute more significantly to the cc effect than low rewards, but high rewards did facilitate the target probability learning effect.
creator: Wen Fan
source: Participants Fifty-two Lancaster University students (20 identified as male and 32 as female; age M=23.9, SD=2.55 years, range: 19-33 years) participated in the experiment. Two participants were excluded from the final analysis (see below for details). All participants had normal or corrected normal vision. Participants were informed that the three participants with the highest scores in the experiment would receive a £20 Amazon voucher as a reward. At the end of the experiment, the three participants with the highest scores had received their £20 Amazon vouchers by e-mail. The experiment passed ethical review by the Department of Psychology at Lancaster University. All participants were shown a participant information sheet and signed a consent form to participate in this study prior to the start of the experiment. The Participant Debrief Sheet was presented to participants at the end of the experiment. Materials The materials were created and presented with the Psychophysics Toolbox Version 3 (Brainard, 1997) MATLAB (MathWorks, Sherborn, MA) toolbox. The stimuli were displayed on an MS-Windows machine on a screen with 1920 × 1080 pixels resolution and 60 Hz refreshing rate. Each display consists of 11 L-shaped and one T-shaped black 1.25° x 1.25° items, presented on a white background. The only T-shaped item in each display is the target, which has a 90° rotation clockwise (called left) or counterclockwise (called right). There were an equal number of times that the target was rotated to the left as it was rotated to the right across the experiment. The L-shaped distractors were randomly rotated by 0°, 90°, 180° or 270°. To increase the difficulty of the task (Jiang & Chun, 2001), the L-shaped items had a 4-pixel offset at the junction of the lines to make them similar to the T-shaped targets. In each display, all items were balanced within the quadrant of the display. This randomisation was carried out for each subject individually. Experiment design This experim…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 07/09/2022
contributor: Jessica Andrew Jack Ho
rights: Open
relation: none
format: Excel.csv r_file.R jasp_file.jasp
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA14YW

Grasping Ability in Virtual Reality: Effects of Eating Disorders on Perceptions of Action Capabilities
subject: Action Capability, Eating Disorder, Interoceptive Awareness
description: Knowledge of one’s body size is vital to be able to accurately judge an object’s size. For example, knowing the length of your arm is crucial to estimating the maximum distance reachable. Accurate perception of action capabilities is the result of a healthy mental body representation at a conscious and implicit level. This ability to use one’s mental body representation in action perception is assumed to be distorted in individuals with eating disorders (ED). However, unlike prior research, this study will be investigating both the effect of body image and schema distortion on action capabilities. Thus, this study will assess whether the ability to update one’s perception of their action capabilities in response to morphological changes is altered in individuals with EDs. The experiment had participants (N = 20) embody small (50% of hand size), normal, and large (150% of hand size) avatar hands (in virtual reality) and then estimate the maximum size of a box graspable. The size of the box, beginning as either large or small across all three conditions, was manipulated to observe haptic perception in participants. We found that individuals with ED showed similar estimates despite embodying different hand sizes alluding to their inability to successfully update their haptic perceptions. Low interoceptive awareness and body image disturbances were the root cause of this perceptional flaw in eating-disordered individuals. Treatment focused on improving the altered IA and implicit distortions in body schema could improve haptic perception in ED individuals.
creator: Siri Sudhakar
source: A priori power analysis was conducted through the G*Power software (Faul et al., 2007) to determine the sample size required to achieve adequate power (N = 30). The required power (1- β) was set at .80 and the significance level (α) was set to .05. Based on Readman et al. (2021), who used the same methodology as this study, we anticipated a large effect size of 0.9. This was deduced as this study obtained a ηp2 of .49 with a sample of N =30. For the frequentist parameters defined, a sample size of N = 3 is required to achieve a power of .80 at an alpha of .05. EDs are also notoriously variable. Given that previous studies using similar methodologies have typically recruited between 20-30 participants (Readman et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2020), we elected to recruit 30 participants (15 per condition). However, this study was only able to recruit 23 participants in total. 22 participants from Lancaster and Lancaster University (seven males, 15 females) aged between 18-30 (Mage = 21.73, SDage = 1.98) participated in this study. Two participants were removed due to being extreme outliers resulting in the present dataset (N = 20; Mage = 21.65, SDage = 2.06). Amongst participants of this study, seven participants disclosed a diagnosis of ED. In accordance with the revised Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (R-EHI) classification system (Milenkovic & Dragovic, 2013), the majority of the participants (N = 19) were right-handed, with only one participant being left-handed. Borderline to high levels of anxiety, as measured through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Stern, 2014), was observed in 16 participants, while seven participants showed similar levels of depression. Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI): Participants with ED were also asked to complete the EDI. It is a self-report questionnaire that can assess the presence and level (depending on the estimate) of AN, BN, and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) (Augestad and Flanders, 2002). It consists of 64 items, with eight…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 07/09/2022
contributor: Alexia Hockett Romina Ghaleh Joujahri
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Does implicit mentalising involve the representation of others’ mental state content?
subject: implicit mentalising, co-representation, joint action, domain specificity
description: Implicit mentalising involves the automatic awareness of the perspectives of those around oneself. Its development is crucial to successful social functioning and joint action. However, the domain specificity of implicit mentalising is debated. The individual/joint Simon task is often used to demonstrate implicit mentalising in the form of a Joint Simon Effect (JSE), in which a spatial compatibility effect is elicited more strongly in a joint versus an individual condition. Some have proposed that the JSE stems from the automatic action co-representation of a social partner’s frame-of-reference, which creates a spatial overlap between stimulus-response location in the joint (but not individual) condition. However, others have argued that any sufficiently salient entity (not necessarily a social partner) can induce the JSE. To provide a fresh perspective, the present study attempted to investigate the content of co-representation (n = 65). We employed a novel variant of the individual/joint Simon task where typical geometric stimuli were replaced with a unique set of animal silhouettes. Half of the set were each surreptitiously assigned to either the participant themselves or their partner. Critically, to examine the content of co-representation, participants were presented with a surprise image recognition task afterwards. Image memory accuracy was analysed to identify any partner-driven effects exclusive to the joint condition. However, the current experiment failed to replicate the key JSE in the Simon task, as only a cross-condition spatial compatibility effect was found. This severely limited our ability to interpret the results of the recognition memory task and its implications on the contents of co-representation. Potential design-related reasons for these inconclusive results were discussed. Possible methodological remedies for future studies were suggested.
creator: Malcolm Wong
source: Pre-test: Selection of Suitable Stimuli Participants Twenty-five undergraduate students at Lancaster University were recruited via SONA systems (a University-managed research participation system) and gave informed consent to participate in an online pre-test that aided in the selection of suitable experimental stimuli for the main experiment. Ethical considerations were reviewed and approved by a member of the University Psychology department. Stimuli and Materials Pavlovia, the online counterpart to the experiment building software package PsychoPy (version 2022.2.0; Peirce et al., 2019), was used to remotely run the stimuli selection pre-test. One hundred images of common black-and-white animal silhouettes were initially selected and downloaded from PhyloPic (Palomo-Munoz, n.d.), an online database of taxonomic organism images, freely reusable under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license . All images were resized and standardised to fit within an 854 x 480-pixel rectangle. Design and Procedure An online pre-test was conducted to identify the recognisability of possible animal stimuli and to select the most recognisable set of 32 animal silhouettes to use in the main experiment. Recognisability was an important consideration because participants would only briefly glimpse at the animals; therefore, the ability to recognise the silhouettes quickly and subconsciously was paramount. The 100 chosen animal silhouettes (as outlined in the Stimuli and Materials section) were randomised and sequentially presented. Each image was displayed for 1000ms to match the duration of stimuli exposure in the final experimental design. The participant then rated each animal’s recognisability on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Extremely Unrecognisable to 7 = Extremely Recognisable). Additionally, they were asked to guess each animal’s name by typing it in a text box, and to provide a confidence rating corresponding to each naming attempt (again, on a 7-point Likert scale, fro…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 07/09/2022
contributor: Malcolm Wong Aubrey Covill Elisha Moreton
rights: Open
relation: N/A
format: Data/Excel.csv Analysis/r_file.R
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Age-Related Changes in the Attentional Modulation of Temporal Binding
subject: Ageing, attention, TBW, multisensory integration, stream-bounce illusion
description: In multisensory integration, the time range within which visual and auditory information can be perceived as synchronous and bound together is known as the temporal binding window (TBW). With increasing age, the TBW becomes wider, such that older adults erroneously, and often dangerously, integrate sensory inputs that are asynchronous. Recent research suggests that attentional cues can narrow the width of the TBW in younger adults, sharpening temporal perception and increasing the accuracy of integration. However, due to their age-related declines in attentional control, it is not yet known whether older adults can deploy attentional resources to narrow the TBW in the same way as younger adults. This study investigated the age-related changes to the attentional modulation of the TBW. 30 younger and 30 older adults completed a cued-spatial-attention version of the stream-bounce illusion, assessing the extent to which the visual and auditory stimuli were integrated when presented at three different stimulus onset asynchronies, and when attending to a validly-cued or invalidly-cued location. A 2x2x3 mixed ANOVA revealed that when participants attended to the validly-cued location (i.e. when attention was present), susceptibility to the stream-bounce illusion decreased. However, crucially, this attentional manipulation affected audiovisual integration in younger adults but not in older adults. Whilst no definitive conclusions could be drawn about the width of the TBW, the findings suggest that older adults have multisensory integration-related attentional deficits. Directions for future research and practical applications surrounding treatments to improve the safety of older adults’ perception and navigation through the environment are discussed.
creator: Jessica Pepper
source: Participants This study used a total of 60 participants; 30 younger adults (15 males, 15 females) between 18-35 years old (M = 21.37, SD = 1.30) and 30 older adults (11 males, 19 females) between 60-80 years old (M = 67.91, SD = 4.71). This sample size was determined via an a-priori power analysis using the data of Donohue et al. (2015) and Chen et al. (2021), who conducted similar experiments (see pre-registration on www.aspredicted.com, project ID #65513). All participants were fluent English speakers. Participants were required to have normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Participants were ineligible to proceed with the experiment if they had a history or current diagnosis of neurological conditions (e.g. epilepsy, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson’s Disease) or learning impairments (e.g. dyslexia), or had severe hearing loss resulting in the wearing of hearing aids. Participants were recruited via opportunity sampling; the majority of younger participants were students at Lancaster University and were known to the researcher, whilst the majority of older participants were members of the Centre for Ageing Research at Lancaster University. All participants were able to provide informed consent. Pre-screening tools Participants were asked to complete two pre-screening questionnaires using Qualtrics survey software (www.qualtrics.com), to assess their eligibility for the study. Speech, Spatial and Quality of Hearing Questionnaire (SSQ; Appendix A; Gatehouse & Noble, 2004). Participants rated their hearing ability in different acoustic scenarios using a sliding scale from 0-10 (0=“Not at all”, 10=“Perfectly”). Whilst, at present, no defined cut-off score on the SSQ is available as a parameter to inform decision-making, previous studies have indicated that a mean score of 5.5 is indicative of moderate hearing loss (Gatehouse & Noble, 2004). As a result, people whose average score on the SSQ was lower than 5.5 were not eligible to participate in the exper…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 8th September 2021
contributor: Robert Taylor
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/SPSS.sav; Data/Excel.xlsx
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Seeing helps our hearing: How the visual system plays a role in speech perception
subject: Linear mixed-effects modelling
description: Difficult listening conditions can result in a decrease in our ability to successfully discriminate speech. In these conditions, the visual system assists with speech perception through lipreading. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is used to investigate the interaction between the two senses in speech perception. Due to widely stimulus dependent effects, the exact timings for how far one stream can be asynchronized against the other drastically differs from account to account. Previous research has not considered viseme categories to ensure that selected speech phonemes are visually distinct. This study aims to create and validate a set of audiovisual stimuli that considers these variables for examining speech-in-noise, and to determine the SOA integration period for these stimuli. 27 online participants would be presented with either audio-only stimuli of a speaker speaking or audiovisual stimuli that also contained visuals of the speaker’s lip and mouth area as the speech were spoken. The speech was either clear or in-noise, and either displayed no stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) or had SOA introduced at one of five different levels (200ms, 216.6ms, 233.3ms, 250ms, 266.6ms). Results indicate that, whilst the effect of visual information assisting with speech-in-noise is apparent, it is weaker of an effect than previous literature. Whilst response times imply that 250ms marks the integration window period for our stimuli, no significant accuracy changes corroborate this finding. In all, the study was successful in creating a more valid set of stimuli for testing. As power sufficiency was not met, more testing would be required to firmly cement the findings.
creator: Brandon O’Hanlon
source: connection, allowing for a direct, uninterrupted video feed at 1920x1080 resolution and 60 frames per second. The camera was mounted onto a stable tripod to reduce movement of the camera as much as possible during recording. DroidCam X software was used to aid the streaming of the video in real-time with little compression and loss whilst still retaining a 1080p@60fps quality level. OBS software was used for recording as it allowed the audio from the external microphone and the video from the camera to be encoded together in real-time as a single MKV file. This was beneficial, as it removed potential human error that can occur when manually stitching audio files and video files together. Therefore, we can be certain that there were no asynchronous anomalies between the audio and video streams during encoding. Another benefit of OBS software is that it reports how many frames of video are dropped when recording and encoding an MKV file, which was important to ensure that the home desktop was encoding the video in its entirely akin to a lab-calibrated desktop. No frames were reported to be dropped for all speech tokens recorded. All stimuli were recorded as MKV files initially to avoid lossy compression in the recording. A software-based x264 bit CPU encoding method was used for the recording, due to a lack of internal GPU encoding method (such as Nvenc encoding) on the home system. After the initial recording, the speech tokens were edited in length and converted to mp4 files at a resolution of 1280 x 720p and a frame rate of 60 frames per second. As the study would be completed on participant’s laptops or desktop systems and using their internet connection, we cannot ensure that all participants are using a device with a 1920 x 1080p resolution screen. By reducing the resolution of files to 720p, all potential participant resolution sizes can be accommodated whilst ensuring all participants view the files at the same resolution. For audio-only conditions, the video …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2021
contributor: Stephanos Mosfiliotis
rights: Open (unless stated otherwise)
relation: None (unless stated otherwise)
format: Excel File
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Running Memory Span Development: The Input Mechanism and Hebb effect
description: It is unclear whether active strategy or passive strategy is used and whether the Hebb effect is elicited in the running memory task. The aim of this study was to explore the input mechanism and the Hebb effect in the running memory task via a developmental study. Children were asked to perform four working memory tasks: counting span task, free recall task, Hebb digit task, and running memory task. In order to explore the Hebb effect in the running memory task, the last three digits of every third list were repeated. The results suggested that running memory was a recency-based phenomenon and the Hebb effect is elicited in children.
creator: Yu Xie
source: Participants Fifty-seven Chinese primary school students (23 female, 34 male), aged between 7 and 13 years (Mean = 9 years 6 months; SD = 1.754) took part in the present study. The children were recruited from Grade one to Grade six at Tianyi School in Xuancheng City. Chinese was the first language of all children. All the children completed a 45-minute testing session, which involved four memory tasks. At the end of the test, children received a notebook as a small gift of appreciation for taking part in the present study. Materials The experiment was presented using SuperLab 4.0 on a Sony Laptop with a 14-inch colour screen. The responses of participants were recorded by the tester on answer sheets. Every child completed a counting span task, a free recall task, a Hebb digit task, and a running memory task. Counting span task. The counting span arrays were developed from Towse and Hitch (1995) and consisted of equal number of target triangles and non-target squares. The target triangles were red, approximately 30 mm in length, and the non-target squares were blue, approximately 28 mm in length. The number of both target triangles and non-target squares varied from 3 to 9 (mean = 6). The counting span arrays were presented on the centre of the computer screen with a white background. The triangles and squares were randomly displayed at different positions in every display. Free recall task. For this task, 144 Chinese high-frequent two-syllable nouns (see Appendix A) were recorded by in a male’s voice at rate of 1 word per second. The words were recorded using Adobe Audition 3.0. Two practice lists and ten test lists were presented, and every list included 12 words at the rate of 1 word per second. The words were played by a computer. Hebb digit task. All digit lists were created had the digits 1 to 9 in random order, avoiding any repetition of digits (see Appendix B). The voice of digits was recorded by Adobe Audition 3.0 at the rate of 1 digit per second. There we…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2013
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: data/Excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Impact of Sleep Patterns on Emotion Regulation in Taiwanese Adolescents
subject: sleep patterns, circadian types, morningness-eveningness, on/off-peak time, emotion regulation, cognitive control, adolescents
description: Emotion regulation has been shown in a number of studies to be related to sleep, which often suggested that good sleep quality leads to better emotion regulation. However, research which has empirically documented the link between individuals’ specific sleep patterns/circadian types and emotion regulation among adolescents is scant. Therefore, the aim of this study attempts to explore whether there is an interaction between circadian types and the corresponding peak time on emotion regulation. Participants were 204 boys and 148 girls, who were from 13 to 16 years of age. The present study involved three questionnaires and two modified emotional Stroop tasks, including Facial-Emotional Stroop task and Lexical-Emotional Stroop task, as the assessment of emotion regulation. The analysis of the questionnaires and experiments was conducted through a series of multivariate ANOVA analyses in order to indicate whether there is a main effect of two independent variables or interactions on two emotion regulation. The results showed three main findings. Firstly, ‘morning people’ committed more error on facial tasks than ‘evening people’. Secondly, participants who attended the tasks in the afternoon had faster reaction times on Lexical task than who were tested in the morning. Thirdly, the interaction between circadian types and the corresponding peak time only showed in the evening group. To sum up, this study might be of importance in explaining the relationship between sleep patterns and emotion regulation in adolescents. Nevertheless, further studies for adolescents in investigating circadian types in relation to emotion regulation are needed.
creator: Jhih-Ying, Chen
source: Materials Each participant was asked to complete three online questionnaires about sleep and mood as well as two experimental tasks about emotion regulation. Three questionnaires had been translated into a Chinese version and inspected by a native Chinese-speaking professor in the Department of Psychology at Lancaster University. Sleep Measures. Circadian Types Questionnaire. Participants were given a Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) (Horne & Östberg, 1976) to assess when their biological clock can achieve peak alertness, which indicates the better timing for people to behave more efficiently in their work and cognitive, behavioural and emotional functioning (see Appendix A). Three groups were be categorized based on the MEQ score: score > 58 for the morning type, 42 < score < 58 for the Intermediate type and score < 42 for the evening type. Sleep Quality Questionnaire. To assess whether participants have sleep dysfunction, participants were also asked to fill out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman & Kupfer, 1989), which elicited information concerning their sleep quality (see Appendix B). The higher score the participants gain, the poorer sleep quality they have. This score can be used to examine whether people's sleep quality can influence their emotion regulation ability. Mood Measurements. Emotional Problems Questionnaire. Participants needed to fill out the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns & Swinson, 1998), which is a self-reported measure to record their mood during over one recent week (see Appendix C). There were three dimensions of negative mood in this questionnaire, including depression, anxiety and stress. Each dimension had an independent score, with a higher score indicating more emotional problems. In this study, three sub-scores were added together to produce a composite measure of emotional difficulties. Emotion Regulation. In addition to the questionnaires, pa…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2018
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: None
relation: None
format: Data/SPSS.sav
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Relationship Between Perspective-taking, Lie Detection and Self-construal Among Taiwanese
subject: None
description: “Theory of Mind” (ToM) refers to an ability, which allows us to understand what other people may believe, think, know, feel. Also, ToM is considered to play an essential role in social interaction. Evidence suggests that improved ability to understand others’ mental states through training can also improve our ability to generate lies and understand what kind of situations people may lie. In addition, previous studies point that there are differences in lie-telling and perspective-taking between individualistic and collectivist cultures. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between the perspective-taking, lie detection and self-construal (individualism and collectivism). Data were collected from 40 typically developed adults in Taiwan (M = 23.98, SD = 2.99). Each participant was asked to complete three computer-based tasks, namely a perspective-taking task; a lie detection task, and a questionnaire of Auckland Individualism and Collectivism scale (AICS). The result showed that there is no relationship between the ability of perspective-taking and lie detection. Also, the people scored higher individualism will show better performance on pointing out truths, but worse on detecting lies. It might relate to the “truth bias”, which means that people will typically assume or believe others are telling truths rather than lies, especially distinguishing on individualists. However, because cultural effects such as language differences and self-construal might affect individuals’ performances on instances of ToM use, the current study suggests that people might need to use different cues to detect lies in a truth-versus-lie judgment between different cultures.
creator: Wen-Hsuan (Macy) Su
source: Participants Data were collected from 40 typically developing adults from an opportunity sample in Taiwan. The entire group was composed of 20 males and 20 females between the ages of 18 and 30 (M = 23.98, SD = 2.99). All participants stated that they were Taiwanese, speaking Chinese/Taiwanese Mandarin as their first language, with normal vision or vision which had been corrected to normal. All of the participants had not been diagnosed with any neurological or developmental disorders. The data of participant No.40 was excluded from analyses because the participant only responded with the same positive answer to each question in the lie detection task. The original minimum required sample size was 44, which was determined a priori by using G*Power software. This number was calculated based on assuming a medium effect size of 0.4 and a reasonable power of 0.8. However, 40 was considered as a more suitable sample size, as the experiment consisted of two orders for the perspective-taking task, four sub-sets of the lie detection task and a questionnaire. In order to counterbalance stimuli presentation, the target sample was set to 40, as it is a multiple of eight (two times four times one); it is also the closest number to 44. All participants had been given the consent form and the information sheet to understand the contents of the project before the tests began. Furthermore, this project was approved by the ethics process from the Department of Psychology at Lancaster University. Design and Procedure Each participant was asked to complete three computer-based tasks, namely, the perspective taking task, the lie detection task, and a questionnaire of the Auckland Individualism and Collectivism Scale (AICS). All of the tasks were translated or designed in the participants’ first language, in this case, Chinese/Taiwanese Mandarin. All of the tasks were presented on a laptop and participants responded by using the computer mouse. The full session took around an hour in to…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2018
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/Excel.xslx
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF