Student Experiences of Mental Health Issues in Further and Higher Education.
subject: Mental health, stress, achievement anxiety, depression, students, education, provisions, resilience.
description: Previous research has shown that students are at risk of experiencing mental health difficulties, specifically relating to anxiety, depression, and stress (Andrews, Hejdenberg, & Wilding, 2006; Holland, 2016; Landow, 2006; Lattie, Lipson, & Eisenberg, 2019; Nascante, 2001; Shankar & Park, 2016). This study aimed to understand whether level of education, provisions to aid mental wellbeing within educational establishments, and students’ resilience were related to their mental wellbeing. A total of 94 participants were recruited for this study, however only 47 sets of data were complete enough to be used for the analyses. An online questionnaire using a series of demographic questions and subscales was used to collect data. No significant relationships were found between students’ mental wellbeing and their level of education or the provisions accessible to them in their place of education. However, a significant, negative correlation was found between students’ overall mental health and their resilience scores. Additional analyses were completed to better understand this and the same relationship was found between resilience and anxiety, depression, and stress. It was concluded that due to issues with power, more research with a larger sample is required to investigate these relationships further. It was also concluded that more understanding of resilience and mental health in students is required to be able to create better provisions.
creator: Rachel Jordan
source: Participants 94 participants (25 males, 43 females) were used for this study, they were a minimum of 18 to over 51 years old and were from educational establishments around the UK. Participants were recruited using the SONA participant recruitment system through Lancaster University and also by advertising on Facebook and Instagram. All participants were treated in accordance with BPS ethical guidelines and Lancaster University Department of Psychology provided ethical approval for the study (Appendix A). Only data from 47 participants was used due to incomplete datasets. Design This cross-sectional study used volunteers from the student population as participants as one sample group. This was a questionnaire-based study with four sub-scales using correlational analyses. The factors being analysed are detailed in the procedural section to follow. Procedure Adverts were placed on Facebook, and Instagram to help recruit participants to the study. Potential participants were provided with a link to the online survey, administered through Qualtrics. They were then provided with a participant information sheet (Appendix B) and gave informed consent (Appendix C) to participate on that basis. Informed consent was gained by participants selecting all six consent statements on the questionnaire. Following this, participants were presented with demographic questions and four measures (Appendix D). Following this, participants were presented with a debrief sheet (Appendix E) before being asked to close the tab. Materials Demographic Questions The questionnaire started with two demographic questions. These were: “How old are you in years?” with the options of “18-21/22-25/26-29/30-35/36-40/41-45/46-50/51+/Prefer not to answer” and “What was your assigned sex at birth?” with the options of “Male/Female/Prefer not to answer”. These items were included in this questionnaire to better understand the sample of participants included in the study. Level of Education Participants’ leve…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 17/09/2023
contributor: Megan Grace Liddell
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Is selfie-related behaviour motivated by sexual orientation and gender conformity
subject: Selfie, Self-expression, Gender conformity, Sexual orientation
description: In the digital age, selfie culture has become an integral part of social media platforms. This globally widespread phenomenon created a distinctive form of self-expression, allowing selfie- makers to convey their identities, shape online personas, and build connections with others. Selfies are more than photos presented but also refer to a series of backstage to finally lead to creation and sharing. As research into selfies, gender differences in selfie-related behaviours have enabled further comprehension of selfies in terms of self-expression. Social Role Theory (SRT) explained the existence of gender differences in selfie culture that gender role norms and social expectations shape individuals' identity and behaviours. This study explored the concept of gender conformity among heterosexuals and non-heterosexuals and the impact on selfie-related behaviours. A total of 120 participants, categorized into heterosexual men, heterosexual women, non-heterosexual men, and non-heterosexual women, engaged in an online questionnaire, and contributed a total of 150 selfies. Data analysis involved one-way variance (ANOVA) to test the differences between the four groups, and multiple regression analysis to assess the influence of gender, the Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale and sexual attraction to me score. The results revealed no differences across the four groups in terms of the nine domains of selfie motives, as well as preoccupation. However, retention of moments and entertainment as the most prominent motives for selfies. For selfie behaviours, time spent on taking, editing, and selecting selfies, as well as taking amount and edit frequency differed significantly among the four groups. Specifically, both heterosexual women and non-heterosexual women tended to allocate more time on taking, editing, and selecting selfies for posting. Meanwhile, heterosexual women and non-heterosexual men displayed a higher trend for taking a greater number of selfies and edit…
creator: Wen Li
source: Participants This study recruited 120 normal adults as participants through a Qualtrics online questionnaire voluntarily and anonymously, of which 67 completed the questionnaire, including 22 men, 42 women and 3 self-identified as non-binary gender. However, since only binary gender was considered for the analysis of gender conformity, the three non-binary gender responses were removed. Additionally, in terms of sexual orientation, there were 48 heterosexuals, 6 homosexuals, 8 bisexuals and 2 others. The participants were divided into four sample groups, that is, 19 heterosexual men, 29 heterosexual women, three non-heterosexual men and 13 non-heterosexual women. Materials Sexual orientation and gender conformity were the two domains of prediction, and selfie- related behaviours were regarded as the outcomes. Sexual orientation was measured by self-rated sexual attraction to men and women, while gender conformity was measured by self-ascribed the Traditional masculinity/femininity (TMF) scale. As for selfie-related behaviour, it involves several aspects of selfie taking, editing, and posting. In addition, selfie motives and attributes of uploaded selfies were also be taken into account. Sexual attraction score Sexual orientation was self-identified by participants themselves as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and others. The participants were asked to self-rated two statements about their sexual attraction to men and women. The latter, with some adjustment to Lippa's (2002) methodology, included two questions: "I am sexually attracted to men" and "I am sexually attracted to women". In both cases, participants were asked to self-rated on a scale of 0-10, where a higher score indicated greater sexual attraction to men or women. This measure transformed sexual orientation from a categorical variable to a continuous variable for further analyses of differences and relationships. In particular, the separate assessment of sexual attraction to men and sexual attraction…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2022-2023
contributor: Mshary Al Jaber
rights: Open
relation: None
format: .xlsx
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Hemispheric Lateralisation of Facial Emotion Processing: A Possible Explanation of Atypical Empathetic Responses in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
subject: Hemispheric Lateralisation, Emotion Processing, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Empathy, Chimeric Face Task
description: Existing research suggests that children with autism are endowed with a significant delay in the lateralisation of facial emotion processing (Taylor et al., 2012), and that this delay is associated with some of the social and emotional based deficits that manifest within the disorder. The present study therefore aimed to ascertain the reliability of Taylor et al.’s (2012) findings by determining whether the strength of lateralisation for facial emotion processing differs between children with and without autism, while also determining whether this difference can explain atypical empathetic responses in children with autism. To explore these aims, an online version of the chimeric face task was administered to 11 neurotypical children and 5 children with a diagnosis of autism. The Child Empathy Quotient was completed by parents of all children, and The Autism Quotient – Children’s Version was completed by parents of children with autism. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the strength of hemispheric lateralisation for facial emotion processing between children with and without autism, and that the strength of lateralisation did not predict a child’s level of empathy, nor did a child’s autism severity. Instead, levels of empathy were best predicted by an individual’s diagnostic status and age. The present study was therefore unable to support the finding of Taylor et al. (2012) or explain empathy deficits in the autistic population. However, the limitations identified in this study help to inform future research on the relationship between the lateralisation of facial emotion processing and empathy.
creator: Lydia Brooks
source: Participants Participants were recruited from mainstream primary schools, wrap around care settings and specialist educational provisions in the Lancashire area, as well as via social media. A total of 22 parents completed the required questionnaires on behalf of their children, out of which 17 parents arranged a date and time for their child to complete the chimeric face task. One child, who is non-verbal and has received a diagnosis of ASD had difficulty completing the task and selected responses impulsively without looking at, or taking sufficient time to consider, the facial stimuli and the emotion it depicted. For this reason, the chimeric face task was terminated prior to completion and the child’s data was not included in the analysis. The final sample of participants consisted of 16 children aged between 5- and 10-years-old, of which 5 had received a formal diagnosis of ASD (5 boys; Mage = 6.8, SDage = 1.48). One child with ASD had a comorbid diagnosis of hypermobility and sensory processing disorder. All children with ASD were reported to speak English at home, one child was left-hand dominant, and four children were right-hand dominant. The remaining participants were 11 typically developing children (6 girls, 5 boys; Mage = 7.0, SDage = 1.90), who had not been diagnosed with any neurodevelopmental disorders. One of these children was reported to speak Russian at home, however, is fluent in English. All children in the typically developing group were right-hand dominant. Design A two-factor between-subjects experimental design was employed to determine whether the strength of hemispheric lateralisation for facial emotion processing differs between children with and without a diagnosis of ASD. The independent variable for this research question was diagnostic status, a between-subject factor, with two groups; ASD and typically developing. Participants were assigned to one of these groups based on their diagnostic status, which was ascertained by their paren…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 07.09.2023
contributor: Ching Yee Pang Aleeza Sulaman
rights: Open
relation: N/A
format: Data/Excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Inner Speech and Its Role in Purchasing Decision-Making Process: Analysis of Within-Subjects Experiment and Questionnaires
subject: inner speech, purchasing behaviour, memory, decision-making.
description: Inner speech is a cognitive function related to language processes. Based on its functions reflecting information processing and memorising, it may link to the purchasing process, which includes searching and evaluating product information. Inner speech may also help people think and imagine using the product in the future during their purchasing process. This study discussed and investigated the role of inner speech in the purchasing process and how it might affect the decision-making time. This study also mentioned how inner speech may be identified and suppressed. Participants’ data was collected through experiments and several questionnaires. The findings indicated that inner speech might help people in Information Search and Alternative evaluation and affect decision time. The findings also suggested what people may consider and how they use inner speech. By uncovering the potential relationship between the purchasing process and inner speech, this research provided valuable information for marketing and psychology research fields. It gave companies some suggestions for practical use, reflecting how people may use inner speech during the purchasing process.
creator: Han-Yi Wang
source: Methods Section: This study was approved by ethics committees at Lancaster University. There were no ethical issues for researchers managing the personal information. The participants’ information remained anonymous and were assigned subject ID (P01, P02, P03…, P30 in Experiment 1 and PCT01, PCT02, PCT03…, PCT30 in Experiment 2). All data were stored anonymously with no identifiable information. Participants were given the Participant Information Sheet (PIS) before participating in the experiments. On the day of testing, they asked any questions they might have, then consented to attend the experiment in person or via online platforms like Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or Google Meet to ensure that the suppression was active when needed. The experiment took approximately 30 minutes, including answering all questionnaires. The experiment was held in the participant’s home or a place where no one spoke so that the participant would not be disturbed by any chance. Experiment 1 Participants G*power suggested 52 participants within groups using t-tests and multiple mixed linear regression models, with a .4 effect size and .05 (5%) a-error probability in 80% power (1-b error of probability) (Brysbaert, 2019). Thirty participants were recruited in this experiment with no record or history of neurophysiological disorders, such as dyslexia or aphasia, to ensure that no conditions influence the result and affect the participant to complete the tasks in the experiment. The recruitment process included in-person invitations around campus and social media messages to reach diverse participants. Although only 30 participants were recruited in this experiment, the results of the t-tests suggest that the effect size (see Experiment 1 result section) may be enough for testing the hypothesis. Design This study was an experimental within-subjects design. Participants simulated purchase experience in the suppression task and the control task without interference assigned to them. The independ…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2022-23
contributor: Melanie Thomas Vickie Huang
rights: Open
relation: None
format: The data set is in csv format.
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Prospect theory and intermediate audience: the effects of context on behavioural intention
subject: Prospect theory, gain/loss framing, intermediate audience, communication research, health communication, vaccination
description: Prospect theory predicts how people react to gain or loss-framed outcomes in dilemma situations, where the potential consequence of the choice is framed as a gain (e.g., lives saved) or as a loss (lives lost). This gain-loss framing communication strategy, derived from the theory, has been applied in many contexts, from promoting the use of reusable coffee mugs to vaccination compliance, with loss-framed appeals being found generally to be more persuasive than gain-framed appeals in the context of promoting vaccination. The current study focused on exploring whether these well-established effects persist when an intermediate audience is exposed to gain/loss-framed messaging, using influenza (flu) vaccination intentionality as an outcome. Intermediate audiences refer to those who are evaluating the gains and losses from the message on behalf of someone else (the ultimate audience), while normal audiences are those making decisions on their own behalf. Two hundred participants were recruited for an online, between-subject study, in which participants were split into two audience conditions and within which they were further split to view a gain-framed or a loss-framed message. Their subsequent behavioural intentions were measured as the outcome, with age as a potential moderating factor (and emotional attachment as a potential mediator exclusively for the intermediate audience condition). Results indicate that neither age nor emotional attachment are significant moderators or mediators. Loss-framed appeal enjoyed a persuasive advantage over the gain-framed appeal only in the intermediate audience condition. Possible interpretations of results, along with potential further directions of research, are discussed.
creator: Wai Man Ko
source: To test the outlined hypotheses, our current study took the form of an online Qualtrics questionnaire (see appendix B for questions) where the questionnaire would introduce participants to one of the audience conditions and view the appropriate version of the manipulated message before moving on to answering some items measuring their behavioural intention and emotional attachment. The study has a 2 (intermediate/normal audience condition) X 2 (gain/loss-framed appeal) design with emotional attachment as a potential mediating variable for the intermediate audience condition and behavioural intention as the outcome variable for all audience conditions. Participants We recruited 200 healthy adults based in the UK on Prolific, an online research participant recruitment platform. Participants have provided consent and completed the study remotely with their personal devices. Their unique Prolific ID was used in this study as the only identifier, which cannot be traced back to them personally. Participants were compensated monetarily for their participation. We randomly assigned our participants to one of the four audience conditions with 50 participants each: the normal gain-framed condition, the normal loss-framed condition, the intermediate gain-framed condition, and the intermediate loss-framed condition. Questionnaire design Consent The participant gave consent to participate in the study with the Qualtrics consent element so that participants can check a box for each item. There were seven items that the participants had to check one by one before commencing the study. Responses which failed to provide a full response in the consent item would be removed from the study. Demographics For demographics, we have recorded the participants' age and gender for the records. As mentioned, age was also analysed as a moderator as part of our analysis. We have also recorded their Prolific IDs to ensure completion and arrange payment. Settings of the study After giving demograp…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 01/09/2023
contributor: Eleanor Little, Alicia Turner, Laurie Dixon
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/Excel.csv Analysis/r_file.R Text/Word.doc
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Cerebral Lateralisation for Emotion Processing of Chimeric Faces in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
subject: autism spectrum disorder, cerebral lateralisation, emotion processing, adults, children, chimeric faces task
description: Many studies have suggested that typical lateralisation for emotion processing tasks, such as facial emotion recognition, is lateralised to the right-hemisphere, with different emotions eliciting differing strengths of lateralisation (Bourne, 2010). However, there has been much debate as to the lateralisation of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Ashwin et al., 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2010). This study assessed the cerebral lateralisation of 30 adults with ASD, five children with ASD, 435 neurotypical adults and ten neurotypical children in a chimeric faces task, and aimed to identify whether the atypical lateralisation seen in children with ASD persists into adulthood (Taylor et al., 2012). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify whether lateralisation strength is affected by the emotion of the facial stimuli. No emotion- or age-related change in lateralisation was found, however, participants with ASD demonstrated a weaker right-hemispheric lateralisation compared to neurotypical participants. Therefore, this study supported the concept that individuals with ASD show atypical lateralisation which persists into adulthood, however, no evidence was found to support the concept that different emotions elicit different strengths of lateralisation.
creator: Alexandra Crossley
source: Method Participants Data from a total of 481 participants with native level English proficiency (or age expected language development in children), normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no history of neurological disease or hearing loss were analysed for the current study (Table 1). Participants in the group ‘adults with ASD’ (N = 30; age: M = 30.17, SD = 9.85) were recruited through adverts on social media, through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co), and through word of mouth. Participants in the groups ‘children with ASD’ (N = 5; age: M = 6.8, SD = 1.48) and ‘neurotypical children’ (N = 11; age: M = 7.0, SD = 1.90) were recruited through primary schools and word of mouth (Brooks, 2023), and parents of potential child participants were required to email a researcher to express their interest in participation. Participants in the group ‘neurotypical adults’ (N = 435; age: M = 29.44, SD = 8.03) were recruited through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co) as part of a larger online behavioural laterality battery (Parker et al., 2021). Of the 481 participants who took part in the study, 32 were excluded during the data cleaning process (see Table 1 and Data Analysis for further information). Measures As part of the study, a series of questionnaires were administered to collect information about the participants to ensure that individual differences could be accounted for. Participants were asked to complete the study and its associated questionnaires and tasks prior to beginning the main chimeric faces task, and were requested to use a desktop or laptop computer for the entirety of the study. For the ‘neurotypical children’ and ‘children with ASD’ groups, parents were asked to complete the questionnaires on behalf of the children and were asked to be present for the tasks, which were completed during a Microsoft Teams call with a researcher. The study was completed online using the Gorilla Experiment Builder (www.gorilla.sc), a cloud-based tool for collecting data in…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 5th September 2023
contributor: Alexandra Haslam Alexis McGuire xue guo
rights: Open
relation: None
format: .csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Inner Speech and Grit: Do Positive Inner Speech and Evaluative Inner Speech Lead to Grit Behaviour
subject: Inner speech, grit, articulatory suppression
description: Grit, defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, is a reliable predictor of success metrics, surpassing even IQ. While the exploration of grit has been conducted extensively, studies on the mechanisms of grit are still lacking. Inner speech, the silent production of words in one’s mind, plays a pivotal role in managing thoughts. This includes cognitive reframing, which is essential for enhancing perseverance. Theoretically, inner speech can predict grit. This study, employing a survey and experimental design, aims to investigate whether positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech can predict grit behaviour. The data for this study (n=56) were collected in two ways: (1) using the grit scale and inner speech VISQ-R via a Qualtrics survey, and (2) using participants’ task retention decisions and a qualitative classification approach. The data were analysed using R Studio. The survey data were analysed via a linear model, while the qualitative data were analysed using a generalised linear mixed-effects model. The survey results showed that only evaluative inner speech can positively predict grit. However, there were imbalanced results regarding the participants’ task retention decisions. Collectively, these findings underscore that grit can be predicted by evaluative inner speech. This prompts further research to explore its multifaceted role in shaping grit across various domains.
creator: Huzaifah Adam
source: This study applied a mixed-method and correlational research design that aims to examine whether evaluative inner speech and positive inner speech lead to grit behaviour. The data for this study were collected using two methods: (1) questionnaires through a Qualtrics survey, and (2) an experimental task where the participants were asked to complete two sets of puzzles under different conditions (baseline and with articulatory suppression) and provide their retrospective experience after each puzzle task. Participants’ task retention decisions (decision to quit) were also recorded in the study. Three different analyses were applied in the research. For the first analysis, the positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech scores from VISQ-R acted as the predictors, and grit from the Short Grit Scale as the outcome. For the second analysis, the participant’s grit score acted as the predictor, and the participant’s task retention decision acted as the outcome. Lastly, the third analyses the types of inner speech based on the participant’s retrospective experience (positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech) acted as the predictors, and the participant’s decision to quit or not to quit was the output. In this study, the participants were students from Lancaster University, ranging from undergraduate degree students to master’s degree students and doctorate students. Participants were recruited using social networks, direct emails, and posters around the campus and/or on social media. The session took approximately 30 minutes for the data collection process, including the briefing, and each participant was reimbursed with five GBP for participating. Ethical approval for this study was submitted and approved by the ethics committees at Lancaster University. The number of participants involved in the study was 56 people in total. This number was determined by using G power. The test family was set at the t-test because this research will use a comparison between …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2023
contributor: Huzaifah Adam
rights: Open
format: The data format is csv.
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

Inner Speech and Its Role in Purchasing Decision-Making Process: Analysis of Within-Subjects Experiment and Questionnaires
subject: Inner speech, memory, decision-making, purchasing behaviour.
description: Inner speech is a cognitive function related to language processes. Based on its functions reflecting information processing and memorising, it may link to the purchasing process, which includes searching and evaluating product information. Inner speech may also help people think and imagine using the product in the future during their purchasing process. This study discussed and investigated the role of inner speech in the purchasing process and how it might affect the decision-making time. This study also mentioned how inner speech may be identified and suppressed. Participants’ data was collected through experiments and several questionnaires. The findings indicated that inner speech might help people in Information Search and Alternative evaluation and affect decision time. The findings also suggested what people may consider and how they use inner speech. By uncovering the potential relationship between the purchasing process and inner speech, this research provided valuable information for marketing and psychology research fields. It gave companies some suggestions for practical use, reflecting how people may use inner speech during the purchasing process.
creator: Han-Yi Wang
source: This study was approved by ethics committees at Lancaster University. There were no ethical issues for researchers managing the personal information. The participants’ information remained anonymous and were assigned subject ID (P01, P02, P03…, P30 in Experiment 1 and PCT01, PCT02, PCT03…, PCT30 in Experiment 2). All data were stored anonymously with no identifiable information. Participants were given the Participant Information Sheet (PIS) before participating in the experiments. On the day of testing, they asked any questions they might have, then consented to attend the experiment in person or via online platforms like Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or Google Meet to ensure that the suppression was active when needed. The experiment took approximately 30 minutes, including answering all questionnaires. The experiment was held in the participant’s home or a place where no one spoke so that the participant would not be disturbed by any chance. Experiment 1 Participants G*power suggested 52 participants within groups using t-tests and multiple mixed linear regression models, with a .4 effect size and .05 (5%) a-error probability in 80% power (1-b error of probability) (Brysbaert, 2019). Thirty participants were recruited in this experiment with no record or history of neurophysiological disorders, such as dyslexia or aphasia, to ensure that no conditions influence the result and affect the participant to complete the tasks in the experiment. The recruitment process included in-person invitations around campus and social media messages to reach diverse participants. Although only 30 participants were recruited in this experiment, the results of the t-tests suggest that the effect size (see Experiment 1 result section) may be enough for testing the hypothesis. Design This study was an experimental within-subjects design. Participants simulated purchase experience in the suppression task and the control task without interference assigned to them. The independent variables wer…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 03/Sep/2023
contributor: Han-Yi Wang
rights: Open (unless stated otherwise)
relation: None (unless stated otherwise)
format: The data format is csv.
language: English
type: Data or text
coverage: LA1 4YF

An investigation of the influence of individual differences on susceptibility to product placement
subject: Marketing, Product placement, Individual differences, Cognitive capabilities, Inhibitory control, Age, Familiarity, Gender, Purchase intentions.
description: Product placement increased in popularity in 1982 when Reese’s Pieces Chocolate was included in E.T. the film, which led to a 65% increase in sales. Still to this day product placement is omnipresent within our cultural climate and research has supported that it enhances our purchase intentions. However, what remains unknown is how individual differences may influence product placement susceptibility. To address this gap, the current study investigated whether individual differences in cognitive capabilities, inhibitory control, age, familiarity, gender and timepoint enhance/reduce the likelihood of individuals' purchasing intentions being influenced by product placement. To do this, 55 participants (23 younger adults (Mage = 61.62(8.70)) and 22 older adults (Mage = 21.75(0.68)) were presented with images of four cups of coffee and asked to rank their purchase intentions/familiarity with the products. Following this, participants watched three scenes from Coronation Street, with the second clip including a product placement (Costa Coffee). Approximately 48 hours later, participants completed another purchase intentions questionnaire on the same four cups of coffee. The results highlighted that purchase intentions increased immediately post-clip; however they decreased 48 hours post-clip. Therefore, advertisers may use this information to discover ways in which the consumer can easily purchase the product immediately post-clip e.g. through QR codes. In regard to all other variables, no other significant relationships were found. Thus, it cannot be suggested to advertising agencies that product placement targeted to individuals who fulfil a given criteria (e.g. older adults, etc) will achieve optimal results when compared to non-targeted product placement.
creator: Ellen Dimeck
source: Method Design The present quantitative study adopted a repeated measures design. There were several predictor variables: overall cognitive capabilities (including executive functioning; as assessed by the ACE-III; Hsieh et al., 2013), inhibitory control (as assessed by the Stroop effect), age, familiarity, gender, and timepoint. The dependent variable was susceptibility to product placement as measured by change in purchase intention. Participants At the time of the current studies design no published studies had investigated the influence of individual differences on product placement susceptibility, therefore the required sample size was modelled on the most comparable study the authors could source. Specifically, Hoek et al. (2022) investigated the influence of inhibitory control on advertising literacy activation and advertising susceptibility. Hoek et al. (2022) recruited 57 participants. Given the time restraints of data collection, the authors elected to recruit 55 participants. A total of 55 participants volunteered to participate in part one of the study. All participants were recruited via opportunity sampling through word of mouth and through advertisements placed on various Lancaster University Facebook pages (e.g. the Perception and Action Lab group). Participants were either aged between 18-25 (younger adults) or aged 50 and over (older adults). Out of the 55 participants, there were 27 younger adults (19 women; Mage = 60.93; SDage = 8.26) and 28 older adults (18 women; Mage = 21.78; SDage = 0.85). No participant had a known diagnosis of a psychiatric, neurological, or visual impairment, thus psychiatric, neurological, and visual impairments were not included in the analysis. All participants were White British/Irish. Therefore, there was no variation between ethnicities, thus ethnicity was not included in the analysis either. Given that cognitive capabilities was a key predictor variable within this study, it was necessary to ensure that participants …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 14/09/2022
contributor: Reece Graham
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/RStudio.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: Lancaster

An investigation of the influence of individual differences on susceptibility to product placement.
subject: Product placement, individual differences, cognitive capabilities, inhibitory control, age, familiarity, gender, timepoint, purchase intentions
description: Product placement increased in popularity in 1982 when Reese’s Pieces Chocolate was included in E.T. the film, which led to a 65% increase in sales. Still to this day product placement is omnipresent within our cultural climate and research has supported that it enhances our purchase intentions. However, what remains unknown is how individual differences may influence product placement susceptibility. To address this gap, the current study investigated whether individual differences in cognitive capabilities, inhibitory control, age, familiarity, gender and timepoint enhance/reduce the likelihood of individuals' purchasing intentions being influenced by product placement. To do this, 55 participants (23 younger adults (Mage = 61.62(8.70)) and 22 older adults (Mage = 21.75(0.68)) were presented with images of four cups of coffee and asked to rank their purchase intentions/familiarity with the products. Following this, participants watched three scenes from Coronation Street, with the second clip including a product placement (Costa Coffee). Approximately 48 hours later, participants completed another purchase intentions questionnaire on the same four cups of coffee. The results highlighted that purchase intentions increased immediately post-clip; however they decreased 48 hours post-clip. Therefore, advertisers may use this information to discover ways in which the consumer can easily purchase the product immediately post-clip e.g. through QR codes. In regard to all other variables, no other significant relationships were found. Thus, it cannot be suggested to advertising agencies that product placement targeted to individuals who fulfil a given criteria (e.g. older adults, etc) will achieve optimal results when compared to non-targeted product placement.
creator: Ellen Dimeck
source: Design The present quantitative study adopted a repeated measures design. There were several predictor variables: overall cognitive capabilities (including executive functioning; as assessed by the ACE-III; Hsieh et al., 2013), inhibitory control (as assessed by the Stroop effect), age, familiarity, gender, and timepoint. The dependent variable was susceptibility to product placement as measured by change in purchase intention. Participants At the time of the current studies design no published studies had investigated the influence of individual differences on product placement susceptibility, therefore the required sample size was modelled on the most comparable study the authors could source. Specifically, Hoek et al. (2022) investigated the influence of inhibitory control on advertising literacy activation and advertising susceptibility. Hoek et al. (2022) recruited 57 participants. Given the time restraints of data collection, the authors elected to recruit 55 participants. A total of 55 participants volunteered to participate in part one of the study. All participants were recruited via opportunity sampling through word of mouth and through advertisements placed on various Lancaster University Facebook pages (e.g. the Perception and Action Lab group). Participants were either aged between 18-25 (younger adults) or aged 50 and over (older adults). Out of the 55 participants, there were 27 younger adults (19 women; Mage = 60.93; SDage = 8.26) and 28 older adults (18 women; Mage = 21.78; SDage = 0.85). No participant had a known diagnosis of a psychiatric, neurological, or visual impairment, thus psychiatric, neurological, and visual impairments were not included in the analysis. All participants were White British/Irish. Therefore, there was no variation between ethnicities, thus ethnicity was not included in the analysis either. Given that cognitive capabilities was a key predictor variable within this study, it was necessary to ensure that participants with a …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2022
contributor: Alex Myroshnychenko
rights: Open
relation: N/A
format: Data/RStudio.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF